{"id":19639,"date":"2021-10-11T04:43:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-11T04:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/?p=19639"},"modified":"2023-04-04T10:28:47","modified_gmt":"2023-04-04T10:28:47","slug":"cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental","title":{"rendered":"CloudRAN as an Innovation for 5G: Is It Disruptive or Incremental?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The telecommunication industry has undergone tremendous change over the last 30 years. Starting from 1G, where the consumer had access to voice only, the journey to 5G (with IoT, AI &amp; VR services) has been worth reminiscing. 5G is essentially the fifth-generation wireless technology that brings to the table new features for consumers, such as, low latency (responsiveness), wider channels (speed) and extra bandwidth (for connecting a lot more devices at once). In the backdrop of 5G wireless technology, CloudRAN \u2013 also known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gigabyte.com\/Glossary\/cloud-ran\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">C-RAN<\/a>, has been one of the major advancements in architecture for cellular networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following article discusses the underlying technology behind the C-RAN architecture and its advantages in implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a26953c3b627\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a26953c3b627\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental\/#How_CloudRAN_Architecture_Works\" >How CloudRAN Architecture Works<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental\/#Advantages_of_Deploying_C-RAN_architecture\" >Advantages of Deploying C-RAN architecture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental\/#What_is_Resource_Virtualization_in_C-RAN\" >What is Resource Virtualization in C-RAN?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental\/#Patent_Landscape_for_5G_Infrastructure\" >Patent Landscape for 5G Infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/cloudran-as-an-innovation-for-5g-is-it-disruptive-or-incremental\/#Having_Queries_Contact_Us_Now\" >Having Queries? Contact Us Now!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_CloudRAN_Architecture_Works\"><\/span>How CloudRAN Architecture Works<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditional Radio Access Networks or RANs consist of multiple stand-alone <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/computer-science\/base-transceiver-station\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Base Transceiver Stations<\/a> (BTS). Each BTS is used to provide cellular coverage to the proximate regions, and similarly, groups of BTS can cover large continuous areas. Each BTS is a standalone system, with its backhaul transportation, and monitoring system. During the advent of 3G, this transitioned into a distributed base station. The radio function unit was separated from the baseband unit. With the next level of evolution, CloudRAN placed all the baseband units in a \u2018data-center\u2019 sort of an architecture, wherein each baseband unit is connected to one or more radio function units or remote radio head. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-16.png 618w, https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-16-300x116.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 1: C-RAN Architecture Components<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cse.wustl.edu\/~jain\/cse574-16\/ftp\/cloudran\/#CRAN14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Source<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Figure 1 represents<\/strong> the overview of C-RAN architecture with three main components, that are part of C-RAN architecture. A BBU (Base-Band Unit) pool, RRU (Remote Radio Unit) network and Transport Network (more commonly known as Fronthaul). <strong>The main function of each component is summarized below<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>BBU Pool:<\/strong> The location of the BBU Pool is at a Cloud or a Data Center. It consists of multiple BBU nodes with large computational and storage capabilities. The BBUs perform the task of processing the resources as well as dynamically allocating them to different RRUs based on existing network needs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>RRU Network:<\/strong> These are essentially the wireless network that connects wireless devices like towers or access points in traditional cellular networks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fronthaul or Transport Network:<\/strong> This is the connecting layer between a BBU and a set of RRUs for providing high bandwidth links to handle the need of multiple RRUs. A Fronthaul can be implemented using different technologies, such as &#8211; optical fibre communication, cellular or millimeter-wave communication. For C-RAN architecture optical fibre communication is ideal as it offers the best bandwidth requirement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that we know how C-RAN architectiure works, let us deep dive into its merits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_Deploying_C-RAN_architecture\"><\/span>Advantages of Deploying C-RAN architecture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The C-RAN architecture introduced a lot of advantages the primary one being resource virtualization. The earlier implementations required specific dedicated hardware, in most cases, single-vendor solutions. Because of virtualization, the baseband unit pool can be built using open hardware, e.g. x86, or ARM. Software stacks from different vendors can be executed on top of this open hardware to provision and provide different features. This shifted focus for a lot of hardware vendors, e.g. Ericsson (Mirantis), and Nokia (CloudBand) who have been providing the complete suite of products from servers to software stacks for CloudRAN. Mirantis and CloudBand (the CloudRAN suites) are built using OpenStack, an open source platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A host of such offerings are dependent on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/superuser.openstack.org\/articles\/openstack-10-years-a-revolution-for-telco\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">OpenStack<\/a>, an open standard cloud computing platform. OpenStack was started in 2010 as a joint project between NASA, and Rackspace.&nbsp;Network function virtualization, the core concept of CloudRAN is built on top of OpenStack.&nbsp;Since C-RAN solutions are built on top of OpenStack, the continuous advancements in the latter will lead to newer features. Thereby, opening doors&nbsp;for a lot of indirect improvement in CloudRAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In hindsight, we can see how back in 2018, Nokia was able to think of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lightreading.com\/open-source\/openstack\/nokia-upgrades-nfvi-for-edge-containers\/d\/d-id\/747627\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">sourcing<\/a> OpenStack from its open source community instead of going with a RedHat version. This move led towards Nokia introducing the features and fixes to be marketed faster &#8211; thereby cutting down the time taken to get the enhanced version in the hands of the end consumer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Resource_Virtualization_in_C-RAN\"><\/span>What is Resource Virtualization in C-RAN?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>From a CloudRAN standpoint, each baseband unit is virtualized in the form of \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.openstack.org\/wiki\/TelcoWorkingGroup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Network Function Virtualization<\/a>\u2019 (NFV). &nbsp;NFV defines the high and low-level network functions on a virtual instance or a set of virtual instances. The network functions such as firewalls, network address translation, gateways, etc. running on the instances provide the radio access network functionality. The virtualization enables the logical isolation of resources while the underlying physical resources are shared in a dynamic and scalable way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The baseband units in CloudRAN share a common resource pool and hence are more resource-efficient. Adding or removing a baseband unit becomes as simple as turning a virtual machine on or off. The baseband units are connected to Remote Radio Heads (RRH) using Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) or Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI). This reduces dependence on costly and bulky equipment to increase network coverage and capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the areas for development of the 5G network includes NFV. The concept of separating network functions from hardware effectively reduces the cost of network infrastructure equipment. This also enables the telco network to respond quickly to any changes in network traffic or outages. The time to market for new services is also shorter due to network function virtualization. Anticipating a great demand for the 5G services in the future, some of the leading global companies are aggressively competing for patent filing and receiving the final grant on it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speaking of patent filing, let us observe the 5G patent landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Patent_Landscape_for_5G_Infrastructure\"><\/span>Patent Landscape for 5G Infrastructure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Changes in the use of open-source software and off-the-shelf hardware in new network deployments have been accelerated by CloudRAN. This could also pose a threat to the traditional RAN equipment manufacturers like Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Samsung, and ZTE. These companies hold a significant portion of self-declared 5G RAN Standard Essential Patents (SEP). Nearly 33,000 patent families have been self-declared to 5G till January 2021, with around 20,750 (~63%) families self-declared specifically to 5G RAN infrastructure. The existing RAN vendors Huawei, Nokia, ZTE, Ericsson, and Samsung combined have self-declared about 9,400 families to be essential to 5G RAN. This represents about 45% of the patent families self-declared to 5G RAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A patent landscape report published on the WIPO Patent Landscape Reports portal mentions 1076 patent families with 9496 standard-essential patents to be relevant for virtualization and cloud infrastructure. Among the 1076 families, 77% families are owned by the top 10 filers. <strong>From Fig. 2 <\/strong>we seethat the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the segment of virtualization and cloud infrastructure has grown at 153% during 2010-2017.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"420\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19648\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-17.png 420w, https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-17-287x300.png 287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig.2: Compound Annual Growth Rate of patent families by segment<strong> (<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/plrdocs\/en\/5g_networks.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"><strong>Source<\/strong><\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>A large number of patents are filed via EPO, and WIPO PCT routes. Samsung and Huawei hold the most number of patents in the segment of virtualization and cloud infrastructure <strong>as seen in Fig. 3.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"759\" height=\"189\" src=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-18.png 759w, https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-18-300x75.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig.3:&nbsp; Number of patents in the segment of virtualization and cloud infrastructure <strong>&nbsp;(<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/plrdocs\/en\/5g_networks.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"><strong>Source<\/strong><\/a><strong>)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure segment has the highest patenting growth rates between 2010 &#8211; 2018, which have ensured a high level of monopolization (77% families held by top 10 assignees). Its patenting rates have decreased significantly in recent years. At the same time, the segment has the lowest share of granted patents. Along with the high activity of patenting in retrospect, it can be assumed that the granting of patents in this area is associated with some difficulties related to the actual concepts of virtualization and cloud infrastructure, which leads to a longer examination of solutions by patent offices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One can say that CloudRAN has been a game-changer for the telecommunication industry. Some challenges such as security, and latency need to be taken care of. Since the basis of CloudRAN is the implementation of software stacks, the security vulnerabilities of these software stacks will be carried into the CloudRAN implementation. One of the primary aspects to take care of is latency. Latency higher than the current cellular communications can cause a major disruption in emergency services as well. However, with the implementation of RAN over Cloud, the advantages are immeasurable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With experienced patent practitioners who have technical backgrounds and experience in providing tailored IP services, Sagacious IP can help in the creation of valuable IP and monetization of existing IP related to the 5g technology through its patent Monetization and Licensing Service. <a href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/patent-licensing-monetization\">Click here<\/a> to know more about it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By- Arshjot Gill (ICT Licensing) and the Editorial Team<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1962\/1\/012036\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1962\/1\/012036\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www-file.huawei.com\/-\/media\/CORPORATE\/PDF\/mbb\/cloud-ran-the-next-generation-mobile-network-architecture.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www-file.huawei.com\/-\/media\/CORPORATE\/PDF\/mbb\/cloud-ran-the-next-generation-mobile-network-architecture.pdf?la=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/backend.orbit.dtu.dk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/100811128\/COMST2355255PostPrint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/backend.orbit.dtu.dk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/100811128\/COMST2355255PostPrint.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vmware.com\/topics\/glossary\/content\/telco-cloud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.vmware.com\/topics\/glossary\/content\/telco-cloud<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.openstack.org\/wiki\/TelcoWorkingGroup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/wiki.openstack.org\/wiki\/TelcoWorkingGroup<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-RAN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-RAN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cse.wustl.edu\/~jain\/cse574-16\/ftp\/cloudran\/#CRAN14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.cse.wustl.edu\/~jain\/cse574-16\/ftp\/cloudran\/#CRAN14<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/plrdocs\/en\/5g_networks.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/plrdocs\/en\/5g_networks.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bscw.5g-ppp.eu\/pub\/bscw.cgi\/312873\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/bscw.5g-ppp.eu\/pub\/bscw.cgi\/312873<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/cloud-radio-access-network-ran-market-1001.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/cloud-radio-access-network-ran-market-1001.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Having_Queries_Contact_Us_Now\"><\/span>Having Queries? 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id='input_203_12' type='text' value='' class='large'     aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_203_8\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield--width-half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_203_8'>Your Work Email<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n                            <input name='input_8' id='input_203_8' type='email' value='' class='large'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"  \/>\n                        <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_203_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-phone gfield--input-type-phone gfield--width-half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description 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id='input_203_17' class='large gfield_select'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='' >Please Select Country<\/option><option value='United States' >United States<\/option><option value='Canada' >Canada<\/option><option value='United Kingdom' >United Kingdom<\/option><option value='China' >China<\/option><option value='India' >India<\/option><option value='North Korea' >North Korea<\/option><option value='South korea' >South korea<\/option><option value='United Arab Emirates' >United Arab Emirates<\/option><option value='Afghanistan' >Afghanistan<\/option><option value='Albania' >Albania<\/option><option value='Algeria' >Algeria<\/option><option value='Andorra' >Andorra<\/option><option value='Angola' >Angola<\/option><option value='Antigua and Barbuda' >Antigua and Barbuda<\/option><option value='Argentina' >Argentina<\/option><option value='Armenia' >Armenia<\/option><option value='Australia' >Australia<\/option><option value='Austria' >Austria<\/option><option value='Azerbaijan' >Azerbaijan<\/option><option value='The Bahamas' >The Bahamas<\/option><option value='Bahrain' >Bahrain<\/option><option value='Bangladesh' >Bangladesh<\/option><option value='Barbados' >Barbados<\/option><option value='Belarus' >Belarus<\/option><option value='Belgium' >Belgium<\/option><option value='Belize' >Belize<\/option><option value='Benin' >Benin<\/option><option value='Bhutan' >Bhutan<\/option><option value='Bolivia' >Bolivia<\/option><option value='Bosnia and Herzegovina' >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/option><option value='Botswana' >Botswana<\/option><option value='Brazil' >Brazil<\/option><option value='Brunei' >Brunei<\/option><option value='Bulgaria' >Bulgaria<\/option><option value='Burkina Faso' >Burkina Faso<\/option><option value='Burundi' >Burundi<\/option><option value='Cabo Verde' >Cabo Verde<\/option><option value='Cambodia' >Cambodia<\/option><option value='Cameroon' >Cameroon<\/option><option value='Central African Republic' >Central African Republic<\/option><option value='Chad' >Chad<\/option><option value='Chile' >Chile<\/option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia<\/option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros<\/option><option value='Congo' >Congo<\/option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica<\/option><option value='C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire' >C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia<\/option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba<\/option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus<\/option><option value='Czech Republic' >Czech Republic<\/option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark<\/option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti<\/option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica<\/option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic<\/option><option value='East Timor (Timor-Leste)' >East Timor (Timor-Leste)<\/option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador<\/option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt<\/option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador<\/option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea<\/option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea<\/option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia<\/option><option value='Eswatini' >Eswatini<\/option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia<\/option><option value='Fiji' >Fiji<\/option><option value='Finland' >Finland<\/option><option value='France' >France<\/option><option value='Gabon' >Gabon<\/option><option value='The Gambia' >The Gambia<\/option><option value='Georgia' >Georgia<\/option><option value='Germany' >Germany<\/option><option value='Ghana' >Ghana<\/option><option value='Greece' >Greece<\/option><option value='Grenada' >Grenada<\/option><option value='Guatemala' >Guatemala<\/option><option value='Guinea' >Guinea<\/option><option value='Guinea-Bissau' >Guinea-Bissau<\/option><option value='Guyana' >Guyana<\/option><option value='Haiti' >Haiti<\/option><option value='Honduras' >Honduras<\/option><option value='Hungary' >Hungary<\/option><option value='Iceland' >Iceland<\/option><option value='Indonesia' >Indonesia<\/option><option value='Iran' >Iran<\/option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq<\/option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland<\/option><option value='Israel' >Israel<\/option><option value='Italy' >Italy<\/option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica<\/option><option value='Japan' >Japan<\/option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan<\/option><option value='Kazakhstan' >Kazakhstan<\/option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya<\/option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati<\/option><option value='Kosovo' >Kosovo<\/option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait<\/option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan<\/option><option value='Laos' >Laos<\/option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia<\/option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon<\/option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho<\/option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia<\/option><option value='Libya' >Libya<\/option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein<\/option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania<\/option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg<\/option><option value='Madagascar' >Madagascar<\/option><option value='Malawi' >Malawi<\/option><option value='Malaysia' >Malaysia<\/option><option value='Maldives' >Maldives<\/option><option value='Mali' >Mali<\/option><option value='Malta' >Malta<\/option><option value='Marshall Islands' >Marshall Islands<\/option><option value='Mauritania' >Mauritania<\/option><option value='Mauritius' >Mauritius<\/option><option value='Mexico' >Mexico<\/option><option value='Micronesia' >Micronesia<\/option><option value='Moldova' >Moldova<\/option><option value='Monaco' >Monaco<\/option><option value='Mongolia' >Mongolia<\/option><option value='Montenegro' >Montenegro<\/option><option value='Morocco' >Morocco<\/option><option value='Mozambique' >Mozambique<\/option><option value='Myanmar (Burma)' >Myanmar (Burma)<\/option><option value='Namibia' >Namibia<\/option><option value='Nauru' >Nauru<\/option><option value='Nepal' >Nepal<\/option><option value='Netherlands' >Netherlands<\/option><option value='New Zealand' >New 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