{"id":23879,"date":"2022-06-28T09:18:37","date_gmt":"2022-06-28T09:18:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/?p=23879"},"modified":"2023-03-28T10:15:29","modified_gmt":"2023-03-28T10:15:29","slug":"st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data","title":{"rendered":"ST26 Sequence Listing Standard: Easing the Access to Sequence Data"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>All patent applications disclosing nucleotide and\/or amino acid sequences must include sequence listings as per international filing standards. A new sequence listing standard \u2013 ST26 \u2013 is coming into force from July 1, 2022, that is expected to improve the data structure for automatic data exchange and verification between patent offices and biological sequence search databases. Although ST26 is a WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) initiative, the decision on how accessible the new sequence listings on public portals should be is in the hands of individual patent offices. The need for a new listing standard arose as the current standard, ST25, did not support automated validation and data exchange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article will talk about the difference between ST25 and ST26, the shortcomings of ST25, the changes brought in by WIPO in the new standard, its benefits, and much more. But first, let us have a clear understanding of what exactly sequence listing is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69da0208895f2\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69da0208895f2\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#What_is_Sequence_Listing\" >What is Sequence Listing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Patent_Rules_regarding_Sequence_Listings\" >Patent Rules regarding Sequence Listings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Need_for_a_New_Sequence_Listing_Standard\" >Need for a New Sequence Listing Standard<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Sequence_Listing_Changes_Introduced_through_ST26\" >Sequence Listing Changes Introduced through ST26<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#How_does_ST26_differ_from_ST25\" >How does ST26 differ from ST25?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Benefits_of_ST26_Sequence_Listing_Standard\" >Benefits of ST26 Sequence Listing Standard&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Preparing_ST26-Compliant_Sequence_Listings\" >Preparing ST26-Compliant Sequence Listings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#About_WIPO_Sequence\" >About WIPO Sequence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/st26-sequence-listing-standard-easing-the-access-to-sequence-data\/#Having_Queries_Contact_Us_Now\" >Having Queries? Contact Us Now!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Sequence_Listing\"><\/span>What is Sequence Listing?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The sequence listing is a part of the description of patent applications which includes nucleotide and\/or amino acid sequence(s). It is a prerequisite for patents in the biotech space, such as inventions related to biomarkers, antibodies, oligonucleotides, etc. The sequence listings provided in patent applications must comply with the prescribed filing regulations to avoid any hindrance in the patent approval process. The sequence listing standard currently in practice is ST25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that we have understood what sequence listing is, let us get to know the sequence listing-related rules that one must follow while submitting a patent application in the biotech domain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Patent_Rules_regarding_Sequence_Listings\"><\/span>Patent Rules regarding Sequence Listings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some critical rules pertaining to sequence listings in patent applications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inventors must file sequence listing in computer-readable text format alongside every patent application, disclosing a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If the international application discloses one or more nucleotide or amino acid sequences that are not furnished in computer-readable text format, then the Searching Authority would send a notice to the applicant to submit the same. The applicant also has to pay the late furnishing fee as specified in the Fifth Schedule within one month. In case the applicant fails to comply with the notice, the Searching Authority will proceed and search the international application without the sequence listing to a reasonable extent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As mentioned earlier, a new sequence listing standard is coming into force from July 1, 2022. So, next, we will focus on the need for ST26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Need_for_a_New_Sequence_Listing_Standard\"><\/span>Need for a New Sequence Listing Standard<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The need for a new sequence listing standard stems from the shortcomings of the standard in current practice. These are mentioned below. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ST25 format did not comply with INSDC (International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration) requirements.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The rules were unclear, and IP offices worldwide interpreted and enforced the laws differently.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ST25 rules did not cover sequence types that are common today (e.g., nucleotide analogs, D-amino acids, and branched sequences).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The data was unstructured.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ST25 format was challenging to use for automated validation and data exchange.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let us understand the changes introduced through the new standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sequence_Listing_Changes_Introduced_through_ST26\"><\/span>Sequence Listing Changes Introduced through ST26<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Key changes brought by WIPO through ST26 are mentioned in figure 1 below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"619\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pic-2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23881\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pic-2-1.png 619w, https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pic-2-1-300x146.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 1: Changes in Sequence Listing Introduced by ST26<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Given below are some more changes made by WIPO through ST26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>.xml file types will be required to tackle data loss, and support exchange of data readable by humans as well as machines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Further sequence annotation options will be available.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The names and options of the organisms will be updated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instead of single-letter codes, three-letter codes will be preferred.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The format of the feature location has been modified.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mixed-mode sequences will not be permitted anymore.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The latest priority information (instead of all) can be incorporated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some more straightforward alterations regarding the language requisitions have also been made.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To enhance the understanding of the old and new sequence listing standards, let us highlight the key difference between the two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_does_ST26_differ_from_ST25\"><\/span>How does ST26 differ from ST25?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s how ST26 has made the patent application simpler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Contents<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ST25 Standard<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ST26 Standard<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>File Format<\/strong><\/td><td>ASCII.txt with numeric identifiers<\/td><td>XML with elements and attributes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Permitted Sequence<\/strong><\/td><td>Permitted to include sequences: &lt; 10 specifically defined nucleotides &lt; 4 specifically defined amino acids<\/td><td>Prohibited sequences: &lt; 10 specifically defined nucleotides&lt; 4 specifically defined amino acids<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Applicant\/Inventor<\/strong><\/td><td>All applicant and inventor names can be inculcated<\/td><td>Only one applicant and optionally one innovator can be incorporated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Annotation<\/strong><\/td><td>Annotation of sequences: Feature keys only<\/td><td>Annotation of sequences: Feature keys and qualifiers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>D-amino acid\/branched sequences\/analogs<\/strong><\/td><td>Not required to include: D-amino acidsLinear portions of branched sequencesNucleotide analogs<\/td><td>Must include: D-amino acidsLinear portions of branched sequencesNucleotide analogs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Priority application<\/strong><\/td><td>All priority application info may be included<\/td><td>Only the earliest priority application info can be included<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Title<\/strong><\/td><td>One invention title permitted<\/td><td>Multiple invention titles permitted, each one in a different language<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Applicant\/inventor names<\/strong><\/td><td>The name and invention titles of the applicant\/inventor must be in basic Latin characters<\/td><td>The name of the applicant\/inventor may be included using any valid Unicode character along with a basic Latin translation or transliteration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Type of Sequence<\/strong><\/td><td>Sequences identified as RNA, DNA, or PRT only<\/td><td>Sequences identified as RNA, DNA, or AA along with a mandatory molecule type qualifier to further describe the molecule <strong>For RNA:<\/strong> Genomic RNA, mRNA, RNA, rRNA, transcribed RNA <strong>For DNA:<\/strong> Genomic DNA, unassigned DNA <strong>For AA:<\/strong> Protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Uracil Symbol<\/strong><\/td><td>\u201du\u201d represents uracil in nucleotide sequences<\/td><td>\u201ct\u201d represents thymine in DNA sequences and uracil in RNA sequences<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Organism Name<\/strong><\/td><td>Latin genus\/species Virus name \u201cArtificial sequence\u201d \u201cunknown\u201d<\/td><td>Latin genus\/species Virus name \u201cSynthetic construct\u201d \u201cunidentified\u201d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Variables<\/strong><\/td><td>\u201cn\u201d and \u201cXaa\u201d variables must have a definition provided in a feature<\/td><td>Default value assumed for \u201cn\u201d and \u201cX\u201d variables with no definition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AA Seq. Presentation<\/strong><\/td><td>Amino acids sequences represented by three letter abbreviations<\/td><td>Amino acids sequences represented by one letter abbreviation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mixed Mode Sequence<\/strong><\/td><td>\u201cMixed mode\u201d sequences permitted \u2013 nucleotide sequence with amino acid translation shown below<\/td><td>No \u201cMixed mode\u201d; nucleotide translations are included in \u201ctranslation\u201d qualifiers only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Feature Location<\/strong><\/td><td>Feature location format not clearly defined<\/td><td>Clearly defined feature location formats; permits use of \u201c\u201d in all sequence types, and \u201c^\u201d, \u201cjoin\u201d, \u201corder\u201d, and \u201ccomplement\u201d in nucleotide sequences<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Table 1: Differences between ST25 and ST26 Listing Standards<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Benefits_of_ST26_Sequence_Listing_Standard\"><\/span>Benefits of ST26 Sequence Listing Standard&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The many benefits of the ST26 standard are mentioned below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The new standard will permit applicants to create a single sequence listing in a patent application for international or national purposes, or regional procedures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ST26 will enhance the accuracy and quality of the presentation of sequences.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It will facilitate the searching of sequence data.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It will allow sequence data to be exchanged electronically and introduced into computerized databases.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ST26 will ensure agreement among IP offices.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It will boost the automation of data validation and streamline processing by IP offices.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Submission quality will improve due to the structure of XML sequence listings.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preparing_ST26-Compliant_Sequence_Listings\"><\/span>Preparing ST26-Compliant Sequence Listings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One can use the WIPO Sequence tool to convert old ST25 TXT sequence listings into the new ST26 XML format. This responsibility of sharing sequence listings as per the new standard rests with the applicant, as the Patent Office does not perform the conversion. One can also use WIPO Sequence to check for errors in the ST26 sequence and view the new standard\u2019s XML file in a human-readable format in the browser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_WIPO_Sequence\"><\/span>About WIPO Sequence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>WIPO Sequence is a global software tool that allows patent applicants to prepare amino acid and nucleotide sequence listings compliant with the WIPO ST26 standard as a part of a national or international patent application. Here are some key features of WIPO Sequence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The tool developed by WIPO supports authoring, validation, and generation of ST26 compliant sequence listings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It eliminates the need to edit XML files.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One can save sequence information in a project, validate it, and generate a sequence listing in the ST26-compliant format.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It supports importing data from ST26 sequence listings, ST26 projects, ST25 sequence listings, multi-sequence format files, raw format files, and FASTA format files.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The tool allows validation of sequence listings in XML format.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It supports the export and import of XLIFF files used by translators.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Patent applications in the biotech domain require sequence listing in a standard format as prescribed by WIPO. Previously, the applicants used to follow the ST25 standard, whereas from July 1, 2022, a new standard, ST26, will come into force. The purpose of shifting from ST25 to ST26 is to enhance presentations accuracy and quality, facilitate sequence data searching, and allow the sequence data to be exchanged electronically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Failing to comply with WIPO\u2019s sequence listing standards can result in the rejection of a patent application. Sagacious IP\u2019s team of patent experts can help you prepare sequence listing compliant with the latest guidelines. Visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/sequence-listing\">sequence listing<\/a> service page to know more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Pooja Chhikara (Life Sciences) and the Editorial Team<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Having_Queries_Contact_Us_Now\"><\/span>Having Queries? 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field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_203_9'>Phone Number with Country Code<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_phone'><input name='input_9' id='input_203_9' type='tel' value='' class='large'   aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"   \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_203_17\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_203_17'>Country<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_17' id='input_203_17' class='large gfield_select'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='' >Please Select Country<\/option><option value='United States' >United States<\/option><option value='Canada' >Canada<\/option><option value='United Kingdom' >United Kingdom<\/option><option value='China' >China<\/option><option value='India' >India<\/option><option value='North Korea' >North Korea<\/option><option value='South korea' >South korea<\/option><option value='United Arab Emirates' >United Arab Emirates<\/option><option value='Afghanistan' >Afghanistan<\/option><option value='Albania' >Albania<\/option><option value='Algeria' >Algeria<\/option><option value='Andorra' >Andorra<\/option><option value='Angola' >Angola<\/option><option value='Antigua and Barbuda' >Antigua and Barbuda<\/option><option value='Argentina' >Argentina<\/option><option value='Armenia' >Armenia<\/option><option value='Australia' >Australia<\/option><option value='Austria' >Austria<\/option><option value='Azerbaijan' >Azerbaijan<\/option><option value='The Bahamas' >The Bahamas<\/option><option value='Bahrain' >Bahrain<\/option><option value='Bangladesh' >Bangladesh<\/option><option value='Barbados' >Barbados<\/option><option value='Belarus' >Belarus<\/option><option value='Belgium' >Belgium<\/option><option value='Belize' >Belize<\/option><option value='Benin' >Benin<\/option><option value='Bhutan' >Bhutan<\/option><option value='Bolivia' >Bolivia<\/option><option value='Bosnia and Herzegovina' >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/option><option value='Botswana' >Botswana<\/option><option value='Brazil' >Brazil<\/option><option value='Brunei' >Brunei<\/option><option value='Bulgaria' >Bulgaria<\/option><option value='Burkina Faso' >Burkina Faso<\/option><option value='Burundi' >Burundi<\/option><option value='Cabo Verde' >Cabo Verde<\/option><option value='Cambodia' >Cambodia<\/option><option value='Cameroon' >Cameroon<\/option><option value='Central African Republic' >Central African Republic<\/option><option value='Chad' >Chad<\/option><option value='Chile' >Chile<\/option><option value='Colombia' >Colombia<\/option><option value='Comoros' >Comoros<\/option><option value='Congo' >Congo<\/option><option value='Costa Rica' >Costa Rica<\/option><option value='C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire' >C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire<\/option><option value='Croatia' >Croatia<\/option><option value='Cuba' >Cuba<\/option><option value='Cyprus' >Cyprus<\/option><option value='Czech Republic' >Czech Republic<\/option><option value='Denmark' >Denmark<\/option><option value='Djibouti' >Djibouti<\/option><option value='Dominica' >Dominica<\/option><option value='Dominican Republic' >Dominican Republic<\/option><option value='East Timor (Timor-Leste)' >East Timor (Timor-Leste)<\/option><option value='Ecuador' >Ecuador<\/option><option value='Egypt' >Egypt<\/option><option value='El Salvador' >El Salvador<\/option><option value='Equatorial Guinea' >Equatorial Guinea<\/option><option value='Eritrea' >Eritrea<\/option><option value='Estonia' >Estonia<\/option><option value='Eswatini' >Eswatini<\/option><option value='Ethiopia' >Ethiopia<\/option><option value='Fiji' >Fiji<\/option><option value='Finland' >Finland<\/option><option value='France' >France<\/option><option value='Gabon' >Gabon<\/option><option value='The Gambia' >The Gambia<\/option><option value='Georgia' >Georgia<\/option><option value='Germany' >Germany<\/option><option value='Ghana' >Ghana<\/option><option value='Greece' >Greece<\/option><option value='Grenada' >Grenada<\/option><option value='Guatemala' >Guatemala<\/option><option value='Guinea' >Guinea<\/option><option value='Guinea-Bissau' >Guinea-Bissau<\/option><option value='Guyana' >Guyana<\/option><option value='Haiti' >Haiti<\/option><option value='Honduras' >Honduras<\/option><option value='Hungary' >Hungary<\/option><option value='Iceland' >Iceland<\/option><option value='Indonesia' >Indonesia<\/option><option value='Iran' >Iran<\/option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq<\/option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland<\/option><option value='Israel' >Israel<\/option><option value='Italy' >Italy<\/option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica<\/option><option value='Japan' >Japan<\/option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan<\/option><option value='Kazakhstan' >Kazakhstan<\/option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya<\/option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati<\/option><option value='Kosovo' >Kosovo<\/option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait<\/option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan<\/option><option value='Laos' >Laos<\/option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia<\/option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon<\/option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho<\/option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia<\/option><option value='Libya' >Libya<\/option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein<\/option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania<\/option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg<\/option><option value='Madagascar' >Madagascar<\/option><option value='Malawi' >Malawi<\/option><option value='Malaysia' >Malaysia<\/option><option value='Maldives' >Maldives<\/option><option value='Mali' >Mali<\/option><option value='Malta' >Malta<\/option><option value='Marshall Islands' >Marshall Islands<\/option><option value='Mauritania' >Mauritania<\/option><option value='Mauritius' >Mauritius<\/option><option value='Mexico' >Mexico<\/option><option value='Micronesia' >Micronesia<\/option><option value='Moldova' >Moldova<\/option><option value='Monaco' >Monaco<\/option><option value='Mongolia' >Mongolia<\/option><option value='Montenegro' >Montenegro<\/option><option value='Morocco' >Morocco<\/option><option value='Mozambique' >Mozambique<\/option><option value='Myanmar (Burma)' >Myanmar (Burma)<\/option><option value='Namibia' >Namibia<\/option><option value='Nauru' >Nauru<\/option><option value='Nepal' >Nepal<\/option><option value='Netherlands' >Netherlands<\/option><option value='New Zealand' >New Zealand<\/option><option value='Nicaragua' >Nicaragua<\/option><option value='Niger' >Niger<\/option><option value='Nigeria' >Nigeria<\/option><option value='North Macedonia' >North Macedonia<\/option><option value='Norway' >Norway<\/option><option value='Oman' >Oman<\/option><option value='Pakistan' >Pakistan<\/option><option value='Palau' >Palau<\/option><option value='Panama' >Panama<\/option><option value='Papua New Guinea' >Papua New Guinea<\/option><option value='Paraguay' >Paraguay<\/option><option value='Peru' >Peru<\/option><option value='Philippines' >Philippines<\/option><option value='Poland' >Poland<\/option><option value='Portugal' >Portugal<\/option><option value='Qatar' >Qatar<\/option><option value='Romania' >Romania<\/option><option value='Russia' >Russia<\/option><option value='Rwanda' >Rwanda<\/option><option value='Saint Kitts and Nevis' >Saint Kitts and Nevis<\/option><option value='Saint Lucia' >Saint Lucia<\/option><option value='Saint Vincent and the 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value='Switzerland' >Switzerland<\/option><option value='Syria' >Syria<\/option><option value='Taiwan' >Taiwan<\/option><option value='Tajikistan' >Tajikistan<\/option><option value='Tanzania' >Tanzania<\/option><option value='Thailand' >Thailand<\/option><option value='Togo' >Togo<\/option><option value='Tonga' >Tonga<\/option><option value='Trinidad and Tobago' >Trinidad and Tobago<\/option><option value='Tunisia' >Tunisia<\/option><option value='Turkey' >Turkey<\/option><option value='Turkmenistan' >Turkmenistan<\/option><option value='Tuvalu' >Tuvalu<\/option><option value='Uganda' >Uganda<\/option><option value='Ukraine' >Ukraine<\/option><option value='Uruguay' >Uruguay<\/option><option value='Uzbekistan' >Uzbekistan<\/option><option value='Vanuatu' >Vanuatu<\/option><option value='Vatican City' >Vatican City<\/option><option value='Venezuela' >Venezuela<\/option><option value='Vietnam' >Vietnam<\/option><option value='Yemen' >Yemen<\/option><option value='Zambia' 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