{"id":814,"date":"2020-02-25T05:16:41","date_gmt":"2020-02-25T05:16:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/?p=814"},"modified":"2023-04-05T10:35:00","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T10:35:00","slug":"smart-coatings-find-relevance-aerospace-industry-intellectual-property-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/smart-coatings-find-relevance-aerospace-industry-intellectual-property-perspective","title":{"rendered":"Smart Coatings Find Relevance in Aerospace Industry \u2013 An Intellectual Property Perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>With the advancements in material science, researchers and scholars keep ringing the changes in the way the term \u201cSmart Coatings\u201d is defined. It would be wise to keep one simple definition which is universally accepted, i.e., the next generation&nbsp;coatings&nbsp;which dynamically&nbsp;react&nbsp;to their environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The technology has already penetrated various industry sectors such as aerospace, marine, automotive, construction, communication, textile, biomedical, electronics, power and energy and defence weaponry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the aerospace industry, patenting activity has increased at an average growth rate of 9.5% per year. The <strong>patent filings<\/strong> show that the technology has attracted the Chinese scientific community (nearly 40% of patents filed in China) followed by the USA and then Japan. In China, the patents are mainly filed by universities\/research institutes and independent inventors. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/strategic-patent-prosecution-support\">IP filings<\/a><\/strong> show that patenting activity has increased in this technology domain at a great pace with an average growth rate of approx. 24% per year. The grant rate in China is also significant as compared to other countries. Major universities and research institutes in China that are filing patents in this technology domain are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ev.buaa.edu.cn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Beihang University of Aeronautics &amp; Astronautics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jilin University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.seu.edu.cn\/english\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Southeast University Nanjing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nanjing University of Aeronautics &amp; Astronautics (NUAA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhengzhou Institute Aeronautical Industry Management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.sjtu.edu.cn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Shanghai Jiao Tong University<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.hit.edu.cn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Harbin Institute of Technology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/lanzhou.china.org.cn\/2017-11\/28\/content_50073616.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Lanzhou Institute Physics Chinese Academy of Space Technology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zju.edu.cn\/english\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Zhejiang University<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>University Nanjing Aeronautics &amp; Astronautics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In the aerospace sector, industries\/organizations adopting this rapidly growing technology are collaborating and strategizing to enter and establish in fast-growing aerospace&nbsp;markets like India. Pexa, established in 2010, a global supplier of surface&nbsp;coatings, paints and treatments for aerospace industry extends its partnership to&nbsp;Aerospace&nbsp;&amp; Defense manufacturing companies in India. Pexa is also marketing the Socomore\u2019s surface treatment products in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall, key industry players in this technology domain are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Airbus;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Boeing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PPG\nIndustries;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rolls Royce;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>General\nElectric;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>European\nAeronautic Defence &amp; Space Company (EADS);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Saint Gobain\nGlass;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mitsubishi\nHeavy Industries; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AVIC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The patent and non-patent literature in this\ntechnology domain reveal that various types of coating materials have been\ncategorized under smart coatings. These include, but is not limited to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anticorrosion\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Colour-shifting\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bioactive\ncoatings such as:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antimicrobial\/antifungal\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antifouling\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bio decontamination\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biocatalytic\ncoatings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-stratifying\/assembling\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrically\nconducting coatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Super\ninsulating coatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-repair\/self-healing\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Super-hydrophobic\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-lubricating\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Optically\nactive coatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-cleaning\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-dimming\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrochromic\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thermochromic\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Super\nhydrophilic coatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Omni phobic\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Piezoelectric\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Photovoltaic\ncoatings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Piezo-magnetic\ncoatings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All in all, patenting activity shows that these patents generally focus on coating materials for aerospace parts and components like aircraft structural body parts, compressor and\/or turbine blades\/airfoils\/discs, valves, heat exchangers etc. In most cases, superhydrophobic coatings for aircraft (particularly, fixed-wing aircraft) skin, airfoils, structural members like wings, stabilizers etc. and satellite antennas are disclosed. The remaining patents focus highly on aircraft parts which are subjected to harsh environments (high temperatures and pressures) resulting in corrosion and wear due to due to oxidation, hot corrosion and\/or sulphidation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before the year 2000, the major focus of the inventions lies in using hydrophobic coatings for various aircraft parts and\/or components such as engine surface,&nbsp;wing, stabilizer systems and aircraft window glass and coatings capable of withstanding severe conditions due to high temperature and pressure for structural parts for next-generation&nbsp;supersonic&nbsp;aircraft,&nbsp;engine&nbsp;parts and&nbsp;gas turbines. Although limited, researchers also focus on satellite parts\/components. Few notable patent disclosures during this period are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/india-design-filing-prosecution\">Design <\/a><\/strong>and development of black paint for coating on spacecraft element, such as a deployable antenna. The coating has a low surface resistivity to dissipate electrical charges that develop on the external surface of the spacecraft, and this surface resistivity is maintained (with relatively minor, acceptable changes) over extended periods of time. Along with this, the paint exhibits excellent mechanical properties, including a high degree of flexibility that makes it suitable for use on structures that flex, bend, or deploy during service thereby preventing it from cracks and flakes due to mechanical or thermal strains.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To prevent thermal degradation of aircraft structures such as leading edges and engine exhaust nozzles that are exposed to a high-speed environment resulting in heat generation which further causes thermal erosion, the plurality of micro-capsules is designed that contains heat absorbing material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As silica is covered with a hydrophobic compound in&nbsp;water repellant coatings, the hydrophobic&nbsp;fine particles are likely to peel off from the surface. To overcome this problem, a coating film having excellent durability and ultra-high-water repellence is prepared.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-lubricating&nbsp;coatings&nbsp;are useful in&nbsp;aircraft&nbsp;fuel and oil pump housings, where severe operating conditions can occur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bayer has filed four patents during this period disclosing the use of the ultrasonic surface as a friction-reducing\u00a0coating\u00a0for the hulls of the\u00a0aircraft. Along with this, the coating also has self-cleaning properties.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For producing a coating with ultraphobic properties, a substantially smooth substrate surface is coated with nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>] particles of diameter 0.5 to 20 \u03bcm. The substrate is then provided with a&nbsp;hydrophobic&nbsp;or oleophobic&nbsp;coating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Production of an ultra hydrophobic surface of aluminium as substrate material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Production of an ultra hydrophobic surface on tungsten carbide as substrate material. The ultraphobic material is deposited onto the tungsten carbide after its laser ablation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sand blasting method for depositing the ultra-phobic coatings is disclosed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High-temperature oxidation-resistant&nbsp;coating&nbsp;that can withstand the aerodynamic heating environment at the time a&nbsp;spacecraft&nbsp;re-entry into the earth\u2019s atmosphere. This coating also performs a&nbsp;self-repairing function by self-repairing the cracks under the heated environment and has low catalytic properties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Between the years\n2000-2010<\/strong>, the focus of patent literatures lies in\nfixed-wing aircraft. Most of these patents disclose electrically conductive,\nhydrophobic and self-cleaning for aircraft structural parts. Other patent\nliteratures have a significant focus on designing and development of\nanti-corrosion and self-lubricating coatings for components designed for use in\na hostile thermal environment, such as&nbsp;turbine, combustor and augmenter\ncomponents of a&nbsp;gas&nbsp;turbine&nbsp;engine. Notable patent literatures\nare:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Coating for aircraft de-icing that not only have other potential applications in aerospace such as coatings for a helicopter rotor blade, service system of an aircraft, etc. but also can be used for submarine periscope head window to remove fouling for enhanced optical features.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-cleaning super hydrophobic coating for aircraft structures (in particular, structures made of titanium) that are susceptible to ice, water and other contaminant buildup.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A hard, wear-resistant and ice-phobic&nbsp;coating of an airfoil surface to enhance the deicing properties deposited via low-pressure plasma vapor deposition technologies such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD or &#8220;sputtering&#8221;), and\/or reactive sputtering. The&nbsp;coating&nbsp;includes a functional top layer which is harder than the&nbsp;airfoil surface and has a high contact angle with water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrically conductive coating for aircraft windows comprising polymeric film of polycarbonate, acrylic, polypropylene and\/or PET and filler material such as metallic oxide, preferably ATO (antimony tin oxide).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Between 2005-2010, <\/strong>although researchers mainly focus on super hydrophobic and electrically conducting coatings, but significant patents were filed on other smart coatings like anti-corrosion, self-cleaning, self-lubricating, electrochromic, hydrophilic and self-healing coatings for various aerospace parts and components. Few examples are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A variable emissivity and variable reflectivity&nbsp;electrochromic&nbsp;intelligent\nthermal control&nbsp;coating&nbsp;for spacecraft;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrically conducting coating for electric\nand\/or electronic systems typically, like the&nbsp;avionics&nbsp;or the distribution\nnetwork of power of an aircraft;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-lubricating bearing for use in aircraft;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Super-hydrophilic&nbsp;inorganic&nbsp;coating&nbsp;with\nimproved light transmittance;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coating material having corrosion-resisting,\nwear-resisting and&nbsp;self-lubricating&nbsp;properties;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nano super-hydrophobic&nbsp;surface coating used\nfor&nbsp;airplane anti-freezing and deicing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anti-corrosion and low friction coating;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shape-memory polymers, having self-healing&nbsp;properties\nsuitable for making morphing skins for&nbsp;aircraft;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydrophobic coatings having anti-corrosion and\nself-cleaning properties for the life\nsupport&nbsp;system&nbsp;for&nbsp;spacecraft and&nbsp;self-cleaning&nbsp;of\nexternal walls; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coating having antifouling, antifogging and\nstain-resistant properties, preferably for airplane window.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>We have already discussed\nthat the meaning of the term \u201csmart coatings\u201d is dynamic in nature that keeps\nchanging over time. The term \u201cmultifunctional\u201d was integrated into its\ndefinition after the year 2010 because researchers started developing coatings\nthat can perform two or more functions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>After 2010,<\/strong> significant\npatents disclose these multifunctional coatings and their preparation methods.\nExamples are: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anti-fog&nbsp;coating&nbsp;that has anti-reflection\nproperties, self-cleaning&nbsp;properties,&nbsp;antiglare property and hydrophobic&nbsp;property\nfor aircraft housing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Corrosion resistant coating having hydrophobic\nproperties integrated into it;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Super hydrophobic&nbsp;coating&nbsp;having&nbsp;self-cleaning&nbsp;properties\nthat also provide protection against icing in an&nbsp;aircraft&nbsp;or\nprotection against soiling and\/or erosion in an&nbsp;aircraft;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thermal-insulating coating having\nanti-corrosion properties;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydrophobic coatings having transparency and\ninsulating properties; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Self-cleaning&nbsp;coating having antimicrobial&nbsp;properties\nused in aircraft cabins.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ice-phobic&nbsp;coating&nbsp;made by bonding\nhydrophobic&nbsp;entity to a&nbsp;hydrophilic&nbsp;moiety, in which the\nhydrophilic&nbsp;moiety can lower the freezing point of water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Other patents\nliteratures still focuses on aircraft and satellite structural parts such as windshields\nof airplane and&nbsp;spacecraft,&nbsp; airplane&nbsp;wings,\nlanding gears, etc., gas&nbsp;turbine&nbsp;engine&nbsp;components, including\nbut not limited to vanes, blades, blade outer&nbsp;air&nbsp;seals,\nfuel&nbsp;nozzle&nbsp;guides, combustor liners, exhaust liners, and augmenter\nliners using electrically conductive, hydrophobic, anti-corrosion,\nantimicrobial, self-healing, self-cleaning and corrosion-resistant coatings for\nimproving their efficiency. It can also be seen that among the polymers <strong>Polyurethane resin<\/strong>&nbsp;is highly used\nin preparing various smart coatings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d0c71dd88a4\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d0c71dd88a4\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/smart-coatings-find-relevance-aerospace-industry-intellectual-property-perspective\/#Looking_ahead\" >Looking ahead<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/sagaciousresearch.com\/blog\/smart-coatings-find-relevance-aerospace-industry-intellectual-property-perspective\/#Having_Queries_Contact_Us_Now\" >Having Queries? Contact Us Now!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Looking_ahead\"><\/span>Looking ahead<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In other industrial sectors, the smart coatings technology has not penetrated so well due to the economics involved with their development and eventual mass adoption, but market pull and patenting activity in the aerospace sector indicate a future for this&nbsp;technology. There are several key industry players in aerospace that are supplying&nbsp;\u201csmart\u201d&nbsp;or \u201csemi-smart\u201d coatings&nbsp;into the markets but there is a strict need for chemical firms really focusing on&nbsp;smart&nbsp;coatings. This can be achieved through investment in or acquisitions of innovative smaller firms that are specifically&nbsp;smart coatings&nbsp;focused or collaborating with research institutes and universities (especially, in countries like China where universities are supplying the bulk of inventions in this technology domain). Since, the definition of&nbsp;smart&nbsp;coatings&nbsp;is still expanding; researchers have an opportunity to reinforce the term \u201csmart coatings\u201d with different viewpoints on their performance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>           &#8211; The Engineering and Editorial Team<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Having_Queries_Contact_Us_Now\"><\/span>Having Queries? Contact Us Now!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 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value='Iran' >Iran<\/option><option value='Iraq' >Iraq<\/option><option value='Ireland' >Ireland<\/option><option value='Israel' >Israel<\/option><option value='Italy' >Italy<\/option><option value='Jamaica' >Jamaica<\/option><option value='Japan' >Japan<\/option><option value='Jordan' >Jordan<\/option><option value='Kazakhstan' >Kazakhstan<\/option><option value='Kenya' >Kenya<\/option><option value='Kiribati' >Kiribati<\/option><option value='Kosovo' >Kosovo<\/option><option value='Kuwait' >Kuwait<\/option><option value='Kyrgyzstan' >Kyrgyzstan<\/option><option value='Laos' >Laos<\/option><option value='Latvia' >Latvia<\/option><option value='Lebanon' >Lebanon<\/option><option value='Lesotho' >Lesotho<\/option><option value='Liberia' >Liberia<\/option><option value='Libya' >Libya<\/option><option value='Liechtenstein' >Liechtenstein<\/option><option value='Lithuania' >Lithuania<\/option><option value='Luxembourg' >Luxembourg<\/option><option value='Madagascar' 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